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The camera is a kind of equipment that uses the principle of optical imaging to form an image and record the image with a negative film. It is an optical instrument used for photography. In modern social life, there are many devices that can record images, which have the characteristics of cameras, such as medical imaging equipment, astronomical observation equipment and so on.
After the light reflected from the scene is focused by the camera lens (scene mirror) and the shutter controlling the exposure, the scene is photographed on the photographic material in the camera obscura to form a latent image, and the permanent image is formed by developing and fixing the image. This technology is called photography, which is divided into general photography and professional photography.
In September 2018, the WCO's Committee on the Coordination System decided to classify as "flying cameras".
Camera development
The earliest cameras were simple, consisting of a camera obscura, a lens, and light-sensitive materials. Modern camera is more complex, with lens, aperture, shutter, ranging, framing, metering, film transmission, counting, self-timer, focus, zoom and other systems, modern camera is a combination of optics, precision machinery, electronic technology and chemical technology and other complex products.
In 1550, Cardano of Italy placed the double convex lens in the pinhole position, and the effect of the image was brighter and clearer than the camera obscural.
In 1558, Barbaro of Italy added an aperture to Cardano's device, which greatly improved the imaging clarity; In 1665, a German monk named Johann Zhang designed a small, portable, single-lens reflective camera obscura that could only be used for painting because there was no sensitive material.
In 1822, Nips of France produced the world's first photograph on a light-sensitive material, but the image was not very clear and required eight hours of exposure. In 1826, he took another photograph through a camera obscura on a tin-base plate coated with light-sensitive asphalt.
In 1839, Daguerre of France made the first practical daguerreotype camera. It was composed of two wooden boxes, one wooden box was inserted into the other wooden box to focus, and the lens cap was used as the shutter to control the exposure time of up to 30 minutes, which could take clear images.
The first all-metal camera was invented in 1841 by optometrist Vogrand. The camera is equipped with the world's first mathematically designed photographic lens with a maximum phase aperture of 1:3.4.
In 1845 von Martens, a German, invented the world's first turning machine with a 150° swing. In 1849 David Bluster invented the stereoscopic camera and the double-lens stereoscopic viewing lens. In 1861 physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photograph.
In 1860, Britain's Sutton designed the single-lens reflective camera with a rotatable mirror viewfinder; In 1862, Detry of France stacked two cameras together, one frame, the other photograph, formed the form of two-lens camera; In 1880, the British Baker made a dual lens reflex camera.
In 1866, German chemist Schott and optician Achu invented barium optical glass in Zeiss Company, which produced positive light photography lens and made the design and manufacture of photographic lens develop rapidly.
With the development of photographic materials, in 1871, there appeared a dry plate coated with silver bromide photographic materials, and in 1884, there appeared a film made of nitric acid fiber (celluloid) as substrate. In 1888, Kodak produced a new type of light-sensitive material -- soft, winding "film". This is a leap forward for sensitive materials. In the same year, Kodak invented the world's first portable box camera with film.
It was first used in 1906 by American George Hiras. The world's first 135 camera was developed in 1913 by Oskar Barnack of Germany.
The first phase of the camera's development, from 1839 to 1924, was accompanied by some novel button-shaped, -shaped cameras.
From 1925 to 1938 was the second stage of camera development. During this period, Germany's Lez (the predecessor of Leica), Loelai, Zeiss and other companies developed and produced a small volume, aluminum body and other dual lens and single lens reflective camera.
With the advent of magnification and microfilm, lens quality improved accordingly. In 1902, Rudolf of Germany made use of the three-level aberration theory established by Seidl in 1855 and the high-refractive index and low-dispersion optical glass successfully studied by Abbe in 1881 to make the famous "sky stopper" lens. Due to the reduction of various aberrations, the imaging quality was greatly improved. On this basis, in 1913, Barnack of Germany designed and produced a small Leica camera using 35 mm film with small holes in the negative. The Leica single-lens paraxial camera.
However, 35mm cameras of this period all used perspective optical paraxial viewfinders without rangefinders.
In 1931, Germany's Kontex camera has been equipped with the use of triangle ranging principle of the double image coincidence rangefinder, improve the focus accuracy, and the first use of aluminum alloy die cast body and metal curtain shutter.
In 1935, Germany appeared the Exsac Diagram single lens reflex camera, which made it easier to focus and change lenses. In order to make the camera accurate exposure, in 1938 Kodak camera began to use selenium photocell exposure meter. In 1947, Germany began to produce Contex S type roof ridge pentaporm single-lens reflective camera, so that the image of the viewfinder is no longer reversed, and changed from overlooking to head-up to focus and frame, so that photography is more convenient.
In 1956, Federal Germany first made automatic control of the exposure of the electric eye camera; After 1960, cameras began to adopt electronic technology, there are a variety of automatic exposure forms and electronic program shutter; After 1975, the operation of the camera began to be automated.
Before 1950s, Japanese camera production mainly introduced German technology and copied it. For example, Canon imitated L39-interface 35mm paraaxis camera according to Leica camera in 1936, and Nikon produced paraaxis camera after Kontex in 1948.
PENTAX's predecessor, Rising Light Industries, began producing lenses in 1923. With the expansion of the Japanese war of aggression, the Japanese military's demand for optical instruments increased dramatically. Japanese optical instrument manufacturers such as Nikon, Pentax, and Canon received large orders from the military. Production of telescope, theodolite, aircraft optical sight, sight, optical range finder and other military optical instruments for Japanese invaders in China. With the end of the war, these military orders were no longer available. After the war, military enterprises had to turn to the production of civilian products to survive. Nikon, Canon, and Pentax all started camera production successively.
In 1952, PENTAX introduced German technology and the German brand "Pentax" to produce the first camera of "Rising Light". In 1954, the first single-lens reflective camera in Japan was made by Ashiko Pentax. In 1957, as a rising star of Japanese cameras, he produced the first Japanese SLR camera with Wuling mirror optical view. Since then, Minolta, Nikon, Mamia, Canon, Ricoh and other companies rushed to copy and improve the SLR camera and lens technology, thus promoting the development of civil camera technology in Japan, and the world's SLR camera technology gradually shifted from Germany to Japan.
In 1960, PENTAX introduced the PENTAX SP camera, which pioneered the TTL automatic photometry technology for cameras.
In 1971, Pentax applied for the patent of SMC coating technology, and the SMC lens was developed and produced with the SMC technology, which greatly improved the color restoration and brightness of the lens, as well as the elimination of glare and ghost, thus significantly improving the quality of the lens. Thanks to SMC technology, the optical quality of Pentax lens has been greatly improved since then. Many Pentax lenses have been highly praised by professional photographers, even surpassing the Zeiss lens, the top German lens, which has made Pentax camera brilliant for a time. (SMC is the abbreviation of English super-multi Coating technology, which means Super multi-layer coating technology. The application of this technology can reduce the single reflectance of light between lenses in the lens from 5% to 0.96-0.98%, and the light transmittance of the whole lens is as high as over 96%.) Although almost all camera lenses made by manufacturers claim to use SMC technology, the Pentax lens has proved to be the best at this.
In 1969, CCD was used as photographic material in the camera carried on the Apollo lunar lander, which laid a technical foundation for the electronization of photographic photographic materials.
In 1981, after years of research, SONY produced the world's first camera using CCD electronic sensor as photographic material, laying the foundation for electronic sensor to replace film. Subsequently, Panasonic, Copal, Fuji, and some electronic manufacturers in the United States and Europe have invested in the technology research and development of CCD chips, laying the technical foundation for the development of digital cameras. In 1987, the camera using CMOS as photographic material was born in .
In September 2018, the 62nd meeting of the WCO Coordination System Committee made a favorable decision on Chinese UAV products, classifying as "flying cameras".