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Instrument, a general term for instruments that display numerical values, including pressure instruments, flow meters, and various analytical instruments.

In engineering, instrument performance indicators are usually described by precision (also known as precision), variation, and sensitivity. Instrument calibration instruments are usually calibrated for accuracy, variation, and sensitivity. Variation refers to the maximum difference between the indicated values of an instrument when the measured variable (which can be understood as an input signal) reaches the same value multiple times from different directions. In other words, it refers to the degree to which the measured parameter changes from small to large (positive characteristic) and from large to small (negative characteristic) when the external conditions remain unchanged. The difference between the two is called instrument variation. The magnitude of variation is taken as the percentage of the ratio of the maximum absolute error to the range of the instrument scale:

The main reasons for the variation are the clearance of the instrument moving mechanism, friction of moving parts, and hysteresis of elastic components. With the continuous improvement of instrument manufacturing technology, especially the introduction of microelectronics technology, many instruments have become fully electronic, without movable components, analog instruments have been changed to digital instruments, and so on. Therefore, the indicator of deterioration is not so important and prominent in intelligent instruments.

Sensitivity refers to the sensitivity of an instrument to changes in the measured parameters, or in other words, its ability to respond to changes in the measured quantity. It is the ratio of the output change increment to the input change increment under steady-state conditions:

Sensitivity, also known as amplification ratio, is the slope of each point on the tangent line of the instrument's static characteristics. Increasing the amplification factor can improve the sensitivity of the instrument. Simply increasing the sensitivity does not change the basic performance of the instrument, that is, the accuracy of the instrument does not improve. On the contrary, oscillation may sometimes occur, causing unstable output. The sensitivity of the instrument should be maintained at an appropriate level.

However, for instrument users, such as instrument workers in chemical enterprises, instrument accuracy is certainly an important indicator. However, in practical use, more emphasis is often placed on the stability and reliability of instruments, because chemical enterprise testing and process control instruments are used for measurement in small quantities, while a large number are used for testing. In addition, the stability and reliability of detection instruments used in process control systems are more important than accuracy.

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